This circuit was found in a 80s American documentation. The zener diodes determine the points of action of each stage and the transistors can be general purpose types.
This circuit was obtained in an old American manual. The circuit is valid for any operational. The...
This circuit converts a positive CMOS supply voltage to a negative one. We found it in a 90s...
The TL431 integrated circuit consists of a programmable shunt regulator with an internal...